Journeying to the White House to ask Johnson’s views on civil rights and Negro’s enfranchisement were several Negro’s spokesmen, including Frederick Douglass, George T. Downing and John Jones. Johnson’s made it clear that he opposed any federal law to protect freedmen. Douglass warned the president : “you enfranchise your enemies and disenfranchise your friends.”
On March 14, 1866 both houses of congress passed a Civil Rights Act which conferred citizenship for Negro’s (“all persons born in the U.S. and not subject to any foreign powers, excluding Indians not taxed.”) IT gave citizens “of every race and color” equal rights to make contract’s, sue, testify in court, purchase, hold and dispose of property, and enjoy “full and equal benefit of all laws” nullifying the black codes. Negro’s suffered throughout the South, additional legislation a constitutional amendment was needed to protect their rights.
The Fourteenth Amendment was proposed. this was a measure which: (1)incorporated the substance of civil Rights Act of 1866; (2)prohibited states from enacting laws which abridged the privileges or immunities of U.S. citizens, from depriving persons of life, liberty or property without due process, from denying any person the equal jurisdiction of U.S. laws; (3)congress completed its program of Negro suffrage in 1869 by passing the Fifteenth Amendment, which unequivocally declared: “The right of the citizens of the United States to vote shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude.”
Unquestionably, the greatest achievements of Freedmen’s Bureau were in education. Among the schools founded during the period were Howard University, Hampton Institute, Fisk University, Atlanta University, Tougaloo College Storer College, St. Augustine’s College, Tuskegee Institute, and Biddle Memorial Institute, Johnson C. Smith University.
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